Physiological and psychosocial solutions For improving maternal and fetal health outcomes in marginalized demographics in the United States

Abstract

The United States continues to rank among the highest-income countries with the worst maternal and fetal health outcomes, reflecting deep-rooted failures in medical practice, policy, and social infrastructure. This paper explores the multifactorial contributors to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including biological complications such as preeclampsia, Type II diabetes, and intrauterine growth restriction, as well as external determinants like environmental toxins, systemic racism, and insufficient access to healthcare. It further analyzes structural issues such as poor maternal leave policies, discriminatory treatment within medical settings, and the declining availability of reproductive autonomy following the 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade. Drawing on recent clinical research, public health data, and social science findings, this study outlines practical interventions including expanded access to contraception, public health education, mental health resources, community outreach, and targeted policy reform. Emphasis is placed on dismantling structural racism, improving maternal support, and investing in new reproductive health technologies. The paper advocates for a holistic and justice-centered approach to maternal health—one that frames health equity not as a privilege, but as a fundamental human right essential to the wellbeing of future generations.